1. Current Status, Experience
IAEA TM on the Disposal of Intermediate Level Waste, Vienna, 9 ~ 13 Sept. 2013
Current Status, Experience
and Planning of Radioactive Waste Disposal in KOREA
September 10, 2013
Haiyong JUNG, Ph.D
Radioactive Waste Safety Evaluation Dept.

2. Contents Introduction of KINS Current Status of RWM in Korea
Korean LILW Repository
Future plan
Summary

3. Introduction of KINS

4. Introduction of KINS

5. Organization of KINS
President
Expert
Staff
Support
Total 1
369 48
418

6. Current Status of RWM

7. Related Major Ministry & Organizations
PRESIDENT
Prime Minister
Implementer
Regulator
Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE)
Other Ministry
NSSC
(Nuclear Safety & Security Commission)
Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. (KHNP)
Korea Radioactive Waste Agency
(KORAD)
Korea Institute
of Nuclear Safety
(KINS)
Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation And Control (KINAC)
Expert Organization
for Nuclear Safety
Expert Organization
for Physical Protection, Safeguards, etc.
NPP Operator
Radioactive Waste
Management Organization

8. Major Nuclear Facilities
(As of May 2013)
Nuclear Power Plant (NPP)
23 in Operation and 5 under Construction and 4 under contemplation
Research Rector (RR) / Education Reactor (ER)
HANARO (RR)
KRR 1 and 2 (RR, under decommissioning)
AGN (ER)
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility (FC)
Fuel Fabrication Plant for NPP
Fuel Fabrication Facility for RR
Post-Irradiation Examination Facility
Radioactive Waste Management Facilities (RW)
RI Waste Management Facility
LILW Disposal Facility (under construction)
Seoul RR RR
Ulchin ER
Daejeon RR RW
Wolsong FC FC FC
Younggwang RW
Kori
NPP
in operation
under construction

9. Framework of RW Management
Nuclear Power
Reactors
(KHNP)
Temporary Storage (9)
RI Users
(Hospitals, Industries, etc.)
Temporary Storage (1)
RI Waste Management
Facility (KRMC)
Commercial
Fuel Fabrication
Plant
(KEPCO-NF)
Temporary Storage (2)
End Point
LILW disposal site (KORAD)
under construction
Research
Complex
(KAERI)
Temporary Storage (2)
(HANARO, PIEF, Fuel Fabrication Facility)
Temporary Storage
KRR1 and 2
UCF
under decommissioning
released from regulation

10. Recept./storage Building
Inventory of Radioactive Waste
Total 132, L-Drum Equivalents
90,583 drums from NPPs (68.5%)
41,674 drums from Other Facilities (31.5%)
(As of March. 2013)
KRR 1,2
852
Seoul
(0.6%)
Ulchin
(12.5%)
Storage 1, 2
16,521
Daejeon
(23.0%)
KAERI
20,614
KEPCO-NF
6,686
KRMC
3,096
Sum
30,396
Storage 1
10,379
Wolsong
(7.8%)
WLDC
(2.5%)
Recept./storage Building
3,243
Younggwang
(16.7%)
Kori
(31.5%)
Storage
1, 2, 3, 4
41,606
Others (5.4%)
Storage 1, 2
22,077
Taegwang
7,131
Daegu Tech 52
Sum
7,183

11. Legislation for Radioactive Waste Safety
Law
Nuclear Safety Act (NSA)
Presidential Decree
Enforcement Decree of the NSA
Ministerial Ordinance
Enforcement Regulation
of the NSA
Enforcement Regulations on Technical Standards for Radiation Safety Management, etc.
Ministerial Notices
of the NSSC
Site Characterization Report
Siting Criteria
Disposal Inspection
Safety Analysis Report
Structure and Equipment of LILW Repository
Radiological Protection Criteria
Clearance of radioactive waste
Incineration of RW
Packaging and Transport of RM
Generic Waste Acceptance Criteria
Operation and Control of LILW Repository
Standards on Radiation Protection
Environmental Radiation Survey, etc.
Structure and Equipment of LILW Treatment Sys.
Radiological Environmental Report
Quality Assurance
Regulatory Guidance 11

12. Current RW Classification System in Korea
NSSC Notice No
HLW: Long-lived α-emitters (T1/2 > 20 years) : > 4,000Bq/g
and Heat Generation Rate : > 2 kW/m3
LILW: Other radioactive waste except HLW
Current system was established in Aug. 1998, which is based on the IAEA Safety Series No 111-G-1.1 (1994)
Research project on the feasibility of the revision of classification system of RW based on the IAEA GSG-1 is in progress
Classification system will be revised next year through this feasibility study
Classification system was prescribed in NSSC notice No
It define HLW as like this.. if RW are Long lived alpha and over than 4000 Bq.g and Heat generation raio.. It is HLW..

13. RW Classification System in Korea

14. Korea LILW Repository

15. Overview of LILW Disposal Site
Located in the south-east coast of Korean peninsula
- Adjacent to Wolsong NPP
Area : about 2,000,000 sq. m
underground silo type/150~200 m below surface
Disposal capacity : total 800,000 waste packages
(100,000 packages for the 1st stage)
Wolsong#1,2,3,4
Shin-Wolsong #1,#2
LILW disposal site
(2.0 km2)

16. LILW Disposal Site
Wolsong LILW Disposal Site has been under construction since August 2008.
Operation of all facilities is planned to begin in July 2014 16 16

17. LILW Disposal Site
Portal of the access tunnel 17 17

18. LILW Disposal Facility

19. LILW Disposal Facility Construction
Overall Progress Rate : 95 % (As of June 2013)

20. Surface Facilities in LILW site20

21. LILW Disposal Facility Project Milestone
Jan. 2006
Designation as LILW Disposal Facility Site
Feb. 2006
Detailed Site Investigation & Design
Jul. 2006
Disposal Method (1st Stage : Underground Silo Type)
Jan. 2007
Application for Construction & Operating License
Jul. 2008
Issued Construction & Operating License
Dec. 2010
Operation of LILW Reception/Storage Buildings
Jun. 2014
Full Operation of the Facility 21

22. Post-closure SA Criteria for LILW Disposal
The predicted annual radiological dose caused by natural evolution on individuals of critical group shall not exceed 0.1 mSv.
Annual risk due to unexpected disruptive events caused by either natural or artificial factors shall be limited to below 10-6.
After the institutional control of disposal facilities, radiological impacts due to human intrusion shall be limited below 1mSv/y.
Normal evolution
Performance Objective caused by natural evolution: ≤ 0.1 mSv/y
Disruptive events
Risk induced by un-controlled natural or man-made dispuptive events : ≤ 10-6/y
Human Intrusion
Radiation dose : ≤ 1.0 mSv/y

23. Post-closure SA & Institutional Control
Waste
Disposal
Container
Backfill
Silo
Geosphere
Biosphere ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥
Near Field
Timeframe
Post-closure Institutional Control
Not requested to exceed 1,000 y
If no peak by 1,000 y, need to demonstrate non-drastic increase of the release rate and non-acute radiological risk to be demonstrated.
Proposed institutional control period:
100 y based on the results of SA
Effectiveness of the control period: to be re-verified by safety reassessment, renewal of safety analysis, institutional control plan, and institutional control termination plan, etc.

24. Future plan

25. Development of 2nd stage disposal facility
2nd stage: near surface facility
engineered barriers
125 thousands packages
Milestone (in planning)
In late 2014, apply for license
In early 2017, start its operation

26. Revision of RW classification system
In order to revise the current RW classification system in taking account to the current status & prediction of RW Management based on IAEA GSG-1, the research project by KINS has been launched in 2012.
The connection between the RW classification and the disposal type would be the key factors in this research.
It is likely that the revision of RW classification system in legal framework would be done based on this research. 26

27. ? Current System VS Future System Geological Disposal HLW (SNF)
(in the future)
HLW (SNF)
Geological Disposal
(in the future)
HLW (SNF) ?
Intermediate Depth
Disposal (??)
ILW
L&ILW
LLW
Near Surface
Disposal
(Surface landfill /
Engineered Barrier)
VLLW 27

28. Summary
The SA of the LILW repository in Korea guaranteed the long-term safety in showing the compliance with the post-closure performance criteria.
Korean LILW repository is now under construction and expected to start its operation in July 2014.
KORAD, which is responsible for RWM in Korea, is planning to develop the 2nd stage of RW disposal facility in Wolsong site. It is expected to be a near surface disposal facility with engineered barriers.
New RW classification system is under research by KINS in taking into account the linkage between the category and disposal type based on the long-term safety. 28

29. Thank you for your attention .