© Dive Rescue International, Inc. 2008

© Dive Rescue International, Inc. 2008
3/31/2017 Ice Diving Operations Slide to have on screen wile students arrive. © Dive Rescue International, Inc

Schedule Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Morning: Lecture Afternoon: Pool Skills
Diving Emergency Procedures Skills Test Written Test

Objectives Divers become well versed in the knowledge and skills necessary to safely perform underwater operations below solid ice. Identify knowledge related to command and control. Establish the psychological effects of diving in an overhead environment . Execute the precautions necessary for safe diving in overhead environment. Perform lost diver procedure under the ice.

Overview Psychological Aspects Special Equipment
3/31/2017 Overview Psychological Aspects Special Equipment Equipment Problems Unique to ICE Diving Environmental Conditions Usually Associated with ICE Diving Emergency Procedures Ice diving Techniques

3/31/2017 Public Safety Dive operations, statistically is one of the most dangerous jobs performed by public safety personnel. The information and skills provided over the next three days help reduce risks, ultimately it is up to you to continue your education and practical skills. Share with your students that this three day, 24 hour program will introduce them to the information and skills to perform safe and effective Public Safety Ice Dive Operations, but ultimately it is up to each student to practice these skills to become more proficient. In 2004 Fire Fighters lost on an average of 100 men/year, police 150 men/year, Divers 4 men/year. (10+ if you add Swift Water)

Psychological Effects of Diving Under Solid Ice
3/31/2017 Psychological Effects of Diving Under Solid Ice Discuss the fact that the stress you may be feeling is due to stress factors associated with diving under the ice. Ask students what they think the stressors are? Fear or ANXIETIES Cold Lost under ice No clear path to surface

How Do You Cope With Fear of the Unknown?
3/31/2017 How Do You Cope With Fear of the Unknown? Trust in your tenders. Trust in your equipment. Trust in your safety diver. Trust in yourself. How do your SOP’s come into play with trust? Discuss these fears with your students. Ask “Can fear be a psychological factor? Have you ever witnessed fear effecting someone’s judgment? Does fear effect physical function? What are some examples? SOP’s are a written procedure that is known to all. This can lend structure to procedure even in the worst of situations.

Psychological Effect of Cold
3/31/2017 Psychological Effect of Cold Exposure to Cold Water Exposure to Cold Weather Physical Cold water exposure – Hypothermia – Increased respiratory rate. – Cardiac issues Psychological – Loss of concentration – Loss of ability to problem solve Extreme survival Transition: Given the effects of cold lets discuss the specialized equipment that combats cold.

Special Equipment Dry Suits Full Face Mask Chest Harness Pony Bottles
3/31/2017 Special Equipment Dry Suits Full Face Mask Chest Harness Pony Bottles Surface Supplied Air Ice Rescue Suits Warm Water Warming Tents Ice Auger Chainsaw DISCUSS THESE ITEMS. DISCUSS THE AVAILABILTY OF THESE ITEMS IN THEIR AREA. Which of these does your team not use. Discuss which ones can reduce the psychological or physical effects of cold.

Equipment Problems Unique to Ice Diving
3/31/2017 Equipment Problems Unique to Ice Diving Free-Flows Fogging Hose Connections Freezing Equipment Becoming Brittle Discuss the problems associated with cold water diving. Do problems with equipment affect psychological attitudes? What do we do to prevent problems. Free-flows not breathing off regulator in extreme cold Fogging always a problem use antifogging solution Hose connections freezing prevent by keeping equipment as warm as possible when connections are made. Then a bucket of warm water as last resort. Equipment becoming brittle. Keep equipment as warm as possible before dive make as many adjustment to equipment before exposure to cold. finally be gentle, or things break.

Environmental Considerations Unique to Ice Diving
3/31/2017 Environmental Considerations Unique to Ice Diving Temperature Wind/Wind Chill Wet Sometimes water on top of the ice can be a problem when trying to keep warm.

Temperature Hypothermia Cold Stress Frost Bite
3/31/2017 Temperature Hypothermia Cold Stress Frost Bite Other Effects Of Excessive Cold Rapid Heart Rate Breathing a lot (hyperventilation) Discuss the importance of monitoring team personnel. What behaviors signal: Hypothermia Initial Symptoms (7 to 14 min, hypo can set in on surface) Shivering Dizzy, drowsy Withdrawn behavior Irritability Confusion Slowed, slurred speech Altered vision Stumbling Cold Stress similar to hypothermia guys get restless, irritable and discontent Frost Bite Symptoms Initially redness in light skin or grayish in dark skin Tingling, stinging sensation Turns numb, yellowish, waxy or gray color Feels cold, stiff, woody Blisters may develop Other effects of excessive cold

Wind Wind Chill Factor Snow Blindness
3/31/2017 Wind Wind Chill Factor Greater wind speed, greater loss of body heat Snow Blindness Inflammation and sensitivity of the eyes caused by ultraviolet rays of the sun reflected by the snow or ice Discuss wind chill and it’s effects on equipment and personnel. The greater the wind speed, the faster we lose body heat. Wind chill can make a fairly moderate winter day equivalent to a much colder one—sometimes dangerously so. For example, a day with a temperature of 30 ° Fahrenheit might seem of little concern, but combined with winds of 10 miles per hour, it can feel like it's only 16° Fahrenheit. Discuss the importance of eye protection. Even if the sun is not shining. Symptoms gritty feeling in eyes redness and tearing eye movement will cause pain headache

Wet Feet: Water Proof Boots Required
3/31/2017 Wet Feet: Water Proof Boots Required Hands: Water Proof Gloves Required Nature of police and firefighters they may run out in duty uniform. But in a long standing operation preparation is more important than speed and essential over time. So have a bag ready for cold emergencies. Feet—Layer sock use polypropylene liners wool and wear boots. No Tennis shoes. Hands—layer polypropylene glove liners are good with warm water proof snow gloves. Wet is bad in cold weather. Proper clothing is essential. Layers are the best protection. You need proper winter gloves and boots. Importance of taking care of your shore support personnel.

You Can’t Park That There!
3/31/2017 You Can’t Park That There! This is a transition slide 2002 North of Fargo, ND on Detroit Lakes We are going to discuss: Equipment (any special equipment needed for this op? are you trained?) Divers Tenders Dive No Dive Decision

Equipment - Divers Dry Suit w/ Power Inflator
3/31/2017 Equipment - Divers Dry Suit w/ Power Inflator Full Face Mask w/ Communications B/C w/ Power Inflator SPG (mandatory) Depth Gauge Compass Timing Device Discuss each and there importance. Full face mask w/communication Cover face with mask use natural breathing. Ice breath can sometimes be the cause of drowning also your heart rates drops. How can you communicate without communication. One of the psychological effects of being under ice is being alone. Nice to be able to talk to someone. Tender monitor divers comfort, trouble and problem solve

Equipment - Divers Underwater Light 80 cu. ft. tank (min)
3/31/2017 Equipment - Divers Underwater Light 80 cu. ft. tank (min) Regulators That Are Environmentally Packed/Sealed Totally Redundant Air Supply Chest Harness w/Locking Carabiner (mandatory) Underwater Light, can cause entanglement hazard. Streamline gear Discuss regulator care during cold weather diving Discuss redundant air. Required by OSHA. Discuss cheat harness (Mandatory). Connect a diver hard line to surface. Rope must be rated for correct capacity. Discuss Locking carabineer vs.. snap shackle

Equipment - Divers Two Cutting Tools
3/31/2017 Equipment - Divers Two Cutting Tools Surface Supplied Air Source Would Be Optimal The U.S. Department of Labor OSHA division has regulations for Surface-supplied air diving. Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) Surface supplied air diving Special training, not a quick set up time.

Equipment - Tenders Warm Clothing (Layered) Hood or Hat
3/31/2017 Equipment - Tenders Warm Clothing (Layered) Hood or Hat Face Protection Sun Glasses Insulated & Waterproof Boots Waterproof Gloves Snow Fence/Pallet Stress that to do the job of an equipment tender you need to be ready and the best way to be ready is to be warm. Dress for success. Shore support are backbone of any Dive Op. Make sure proper clothing and equipment to do the job. Help maintain operation FOCUS.

Equipment - Tenders Ice Rescue Suits for Personnel Cutting Hole
3/31/2017 Equipment - Tenders Ice Rescue Suits for Personnel Cutting Hole Ice Crampons for Personnel on the Ice Communication Equipment Warm Water First Aid Equipment Ice rescue suits for personnel cutting hole Personnel should be fitted for buoyancy 30 to 35 pounds. Personnel can last in ice conditions for up to 5 hours Ice crampons for personnel on the ice Communication equipment First aid equipment Make sure your first aid kit is equipped

Drown Proof Your Team Members
3/31/2017 Drown Proof Your Team Members PFD’s Within 25’ of the Water Maintain Good Footing Around the Hole Crampons Cinders and Sand Snow Fencing Self Rescue Techniques Ice Awls Everyone within 25 ft. of the water will be in a personal floatation device PFD. Your BC must be on before you put weight belt on. What other precautions do you need? Maintain good footing around hole Self rescue techniques – Ice Awls, use corners of triangle to get back onto the ice shelf. Common sense Safety officer should be assigned to oversee entire operation. Rescue personnel assigned to watch over operation and deploy as RIT (rapid intervention team) if someone on your team gets into trouble. ? Self rescue techniques Ice Awls use corner of triangle to get back on ice shelf

Ice Strength Guidelines
3/31/2017 Ice Strength Guidelines P = 50 T2 P = Load Bearing Capacity T = Ice Thickness Thin Ice Maximum Load 2 inches One Person Walking 4 inches One Person Fishing/ Group Walking 5 inches Snowmobile 8 inches Car 12 inches Light truck The only absolute in ice safety is to stay off the ice! Remember that this formula for ice strength is based on clear, solid lake ice with no strength reducing factors. It is used to calculate short-term loads in motion, not stationary ones. Pass out handouts to students for public safety guidelines. P = 50 T2 P = load bearing capacity T = Ice thickness Example: If the ice is clear, strong, and 3 inches thick, then: P = 50 (3)2 P = 50 (9) P = 450 lbs

Review of Ice Which is Strongest??
3/31/2017 Review of Ice Which is Strongest?? Frazil Ice Snow Ice Clear Ice Candled Ice Which is the strongest? Clear Theoretically: Ice w/air under it holds no weight

Clear Ice Strongest Ice Formation – Long Hard Freeze
3/31/2017 Clear Ice Strongest Ice Formation – Long Hard Freeze Clear Ice: New ice formed by a long, hard freeze in a transparent fashion. Clear ice derives its color from the water or bottom as seen through the ice. This type is generally the strongest ice

Snow Ice Opaque or Milky Porous and Very Weak
3/31/2017 Snow Ice Opaque or Milky Porous and Very Weak Formation – Snow Frozen on an Ice Sheet Snow Ice: Ice that is opaque, or milky, formed when water-saturated snow freezes on an ice sheet. This ice is porous and has a low density and therefore, is very weak. Layered Ice: Forms in layers, consisting of many different types of ice or frozen and refrozen snow. This ice has a striped appearance in this cross section.

Candled Ice Milky with Crystalline Borders Deteriorated Clear Ice
3/31/2017 Candled Ice Milky with Crystalline Borders Deteriorated Clear Ice Unable to Support Weight Candled Ice: Milky, whitish gray ice that indicates deteriorated clear ice. The structure breaks down along its crystalline borders as it melts. This ice can still be thick, but unable to support weight.

Frazil Ice Forms in Turbulent Water
3/31/2017 Frazil Ice Forms in Turbulent Water Thin Film that Floats on the Water Surface Frazil Ice: Ice that forms in disk-shaped crystals, forming a thin film that floats on the water surface. Frazil ice forms in turbulent water, such as rivers, where the current mixes the water to a uniform temperature more quickly. When the frazil ice crystals clump together, they form pancake ice—flat, circular accumulations of frazil ice with raised edges

3/31/2017 BREAK

Overview of Planning Risk vs. Benefit
3/31/2017 Overview of Planning Risk vs. Benefit Size up task or reason for diving Evaluate dive site Evaluate environmental conditions Selection of equipment Selection of personnel When planning an operation get a look at the big picture by using these steps. Risk vs.. Benefit SOP’s/SOG’s Size up task or reason for diving Size up or evaluation of task or reason for diving Is the purpose rescue or recovery mode Recovery Training Evaluate dive site Where do you begin? Evaluation of the dive site: Location of last seen point Shore based vs.. ice based Numbers of personnel needed Equipment needed How long will the operation last Evaluate environmental conditions: Weather changes during operation Time – Day or night Temp. Wind Will you need to set up rehab at your base of operations? Rewarm, hydration, feed, rest. What is the most important? Selection of equipment Selection of equipment: Is your team properly equipped for the type of operation you are presented with? Environmentally protected regulator ETC. What do you do? IFD Dives in dry suits, AGA Mask, Tethered, Pony bottles. Selection of personnel Selection of personnel: Make sure you the right number of personnel with the right training on scene to accomplish the operation. Divers, shore support, tenders, diver aides, safety officers, incident command, public information officer, etc.

Planning Job Assignments Fulfillment of Safety Guidelines and SOP’s
3/31/2017 Planning Job Assignments Fulfillment of Safety Guidelines and SOP’s Team Briefing Once you have an understanding of the big picture and the details you need to inform your team of the plan. Use job assignments and safety guidelines and SOP’s during a team briefing to accomplish Job assignments: Divers, tenders, divers aids, shore support, etc. All planning for diving operations must be done within your departments safety guidelines, SOP and SOG. Start with something in writing, that makes the beginning easier. Make sure you evaluate your objectives. You must make sure that all personnel involved in the operation participate in a pre-dive briefing. This briefing should include: Operational plan Diving mode Team assignments Entry and exit points Emergency procedures (first aid, ALS personnel, transportation, nearest hyperbaric chamber etc.) Radio channel assign Job assignments outline what is basic to the operation Fulfillment of safety guidelines and SOP’s put in place by department as minimum standards to meet. You must meet these for your team members so everyone is as safe as possible. Team briefing gets everyone that is involved in the operation on the same page

Survey of the Task… Why? Risk vs.. Benefit
3/31/2017 Survey of the Task… Why? Risk vs.. Benefit Training Rescue Recovery Discuss with students the reasons they are there. DR1 Public Safety Deaths Training mode – no risks Rescue mode – risk is greater As risk increases the value of what you save should be greater Recovery mode – a little like training

3/31/2017 Chain of Events Analyze the events and actions that have lead to the need for a Risk/Benefit Analysis. Ask the question is there an event or action in the past that would create risk for this dive? What do we mean by a chain of events? We are looking for the diver to analyze the information or the events that have lead up the Risk/Benefit analysis. The process entails analyzing the events pry and up to and including action that happened on the way to the dive. For example a primary event that leads to risk during a dive is the loss of an experienced team leader through attrition. The loss of the leader means people with less experience are making decisions. Has the team trained since the leader step away? What should happen? Another example, is diver receiving prescription glasses earlier in the day and not realizing it would make a difference diving. What should happened? Did the diver know he had a problem reading gauges. When a diver is reviewing issues that affect risk/benefit analysis the problem is the diver don’t know the events that will make a difference.

Environmental Considerations
3/31/2017 Environmental Considerations Ice Thickness Depth of Water Surface Temperature Wind Speed (Wind Chill) Underwater Visibility Air Under the Ice The picture represents underwater visibility at times Ice thickness– If ice is thin will limit team to shore based operation unless boat is used. Depth of water– Depth must be within your teams diving limits Surface temperature– Raising temps. Will deteriorate ice. Lowering temps will effect shore personnel and equipment. Wind speed (wind chill) – Will effect surface personnel: make sure team has right clothing and warming tents. Wind chill will also effect equipment ( keep it out of the wind and as warm as possible) Underwater visibility– Determines the amount of overlap on search patterns .May be a factor in the divers comfort Air under the ice—the formula for how much weight ice holds does not work here ice with air under it holds no weight.

Environmental Considerations?
3/31/2017 Environmental Considerations? Wind direction when divers started Wind direction shifted Discuss the importance of safety at all times. What happened to this diver? Two divers given ice diving gear for Christmas. Start out from shore in open water and dive under an ice shelf. The wind shifts and the ice shelf moved trapping the two divers. Found at the surface of the ice. Open water Ice Shelf Moved With the Wind

Selection and Preparation of Equipment
3/31/2017 Selection and Preparation of Equipment Annual Inspection Moisture Free Air Dry Regulator Environmental Package Keep Equipment Warm Inhalation from Regulator Above Surface in Extremely Cold Surface Temps… Free Flow Annual inspection? Is it up to date (VIP’s, hydros, regs) Weekly/monthly inspection plans for teams Moisture free air Dry regulator Have a systematic way of taking care of equipment Environmental package Keep equipment warm as long as possible Inhalation from regulator above surface in extremely cold surface temps… Free flow

Job Assignments Divers Tenders Support Personnel Command Staff
3/31/2017 Job Assignments Divers Tenders Support Personnel Command Staff ALS Personnel When you make job assignments in a perfect world you are looking to match the situation with the person. What else would you say here? Divers Tenders Support Personnel Command Staff ALS Personnel Be prepared to deal with dive situations For example heart attach for diver is a different situation than for persons on the street Introduce Dive Matrix as a tool

Operational Safety Equipment ICE Personnel Emergency procedures
3/31/2017 Operational Safety Equipment ICE Personnel Emergency procedures Radio Channel Pre-Dive Briefing Stay Focused Post Dive Briefing Equipment– Environmental package, Annual service, working condition. ICE– Type, condition, thickness, cracking and changes with conditions Personnel– Number, training level. Emergency procedures– Lost diver, shore personnel falling through ice. Radio Channel– Everyone should be able to communicate easily. Pre-dive briefing– Dive plan, emergency procedures, minimum ending PSI, maximum depth, etc. Post-dive Briefing– Stress diffusion, Diver injury reporting, Caution on flying within 24 hours Stay Focused– Most accidents happen at the end of an operation.

Incident Command Organization
3/31/2017 Incident Command Organization Designated IC Operations Officer Safety Officer Medical Officer Incident commander – oversees entire operation Operations Officer – Oversees the operation and reports to the incident commander. Safety Officer – Oversees safety of entire operation. If the operation is complex or spans a large area add another safety officer. Medical Officer – Oversees pre and post neuro checks on divers and handles any diver or support personnel injury. Takes charge of patient after rescue.

Dive Team Make-up Five Personnel Primary Diver Safety Diver
3/31/2017 Dive Team Make-up Five Personnel Primary Diver Safety Diver 90% Diver (Tent) Tenders Incident Commander (IC) Discuss each. Anyone can make a NO DIVE DECISION, no questions asked. Primary diver: Good patterns Tension on line Communication with tender Backup diver: Usually/Possibly best diver Focused on operation Communication with primary divers tender Fully dressed and ready to work if needed Good lost diver search pattern Disciplined 90% diver: Ready to become backup diver within 60 seconds Focused on the operation Stay warm and ready Tenders: Search pattern Divers air Line signals Entry & exit Neuro checks Dress and undress Observe divers for mental and physical wellbeing

Tenders Focused and Keep Divers Focused
3/31/2017 Tenders Focused and Keep Divers Focused Responsible for their assigned diver from their pre-dive check to their post-dive check. (Neuros) Dressing Equipment Checks Entry and Exit Assistance Responsible for their assigned diver from their pre-dive check to their post-dive check. The operations success depends on how well the tenders operate with the divers. The divers are relying on the tenders to make them swim good patterns. The diver can’t tell were they are under the ice. It take team work and being a psychic friend.

3/31/2017 Tenders Monitoring the Divers Air Consumption (100 PSI per resp. per min) Communication with Diver Monitoring the Divers Search Pattern Tenders Need Monitored for Protection from Elements Communication with diver. Make sure tenders and divers continue to use line signals. Monitoring the divers search pattern. If diver doesn’t keep tension tender informs diver. Monitoring the divers air consumption (100 PSI per per min. Tenders must keep in mind the reason for the operation rescue or recovery

Support Personnel Diver and Tender Assistance Record Keeping (scribe)
3/31/2017 Support Personnel Diver and Tender Assistance Record Keeping (scribe) Equipment Handling Diver & Tender Assistance. Ex: Scribes Record Keeping. Equipment Handling.

Why Perform a Rapid Field Neurological Exam?
3/31/2017 Why Perform a Rapid Field Neurological Exam? It documents trouble free dives. It determines the extent of nervous system involvement in the diver who is experiencing a problem. It promotes early treatment by detecting symptoms promptly. It determines how well the diver is responding to treatment (baseline). Discuss the four points on the slide Establishes baseline Discuss your own SOP/SOG’s on Neuros

Rapid Field Neuro Exam Evaluates:
3/31/2017 Rapid Field Neuro Exam Evaluates: Mental Status Sensations Muscle Tone Balance & Coordination Cranial Nerves Speech Sight Eye Movement Facial Movements/ Sensations Head & Shoulder Movement Hearing The Rapid Field Neuro Exam evaluates the diver’s entire neurological system.

When to Perform a Rapid Field Neuro Exam
3/31/2017 When to Perform a Rapid Field Neuro Exam Before and After Every Dive Whenever a Diver Experiences Pain, Discomfort, Alterations in Body Sensations or Function, or any Unusual Difficulties After Diving (within 24 hours) During the Treatment & Transportation of an Injured Diver Should be performed prior to the dive whenever possible. Time may be limited based on type of response (rescue vs.. recovery). It should be performed every thirty to forty-five minutes once signs or symptoms are detected. Base line neuro should be done every thirty days. Demonstrate a Nero and have students perform on each other at break.

3/31/2017 BREAK

Dive Site Shore/Ice Based Transportation Entry/Exit Points

Entry Point (Hole) Triangle 10 ft. Sides Ice Auger & Measure Depth
3/31/2017 Entry Point (Hole) Triangle 10 ft. Sides Ice Auger & Measure Depth Support Personnel Cut Triangle 10 ft. Sides Ice auger & measure depth Support personnel cut, preferably not first set of divers Why triangle? Easier entry/exit at corners

Angle your cuts so the ice block slides under easier.
3/31/2017 Site Preparation Angle your cuts so the ice block slides under easier. Cut the ice so the surface side of the ice is narrower than the water side of the ice. Push plug away from operations area under ice. Keep tether line from being entanglement hazard Ice Block

Cutting Hole Mark Sides with ¼” to ½” Cuts Continue to Cut Deeper
3/31/2017 Cutting Hole Mark Sides with ¼” to ½” Cuts Continue to Cut Deeper Stand Outside of Triangle Auger Hole 1 ft. from Sides Near Corner Cut Through to Water on Last Cut Person cutting the hole should be in ice rescue suit. Rope should be tied to the saw.

Training Site Selection
3/31/2017 Snow cleared on circular paths Snow cleared on paths, arrows Point toward the direction of the hole Ice Hole Discuss the essentials of preparing the training site Shovel or blow snow away Sand, dirt or cinder can also be used. Discuss possibilities of material getting into equipment. 100 Feet 50 Feet 20 Feet

Look Up!

Hole Safety Footing Material Around Hole Stow Plug Under Ice
3/31/2017 Hole Safety Footing Material Around Hole Stow Plug Under Ice Replace Plug When Finished Make Dive Site Safe When Finished Footing around hole: Snow Fence Wood Pallets Ice Cleats Sand or Cinder Stow Plug away from Ops area. Secure site when finished: Cones Banner Tape Barricades Warning Lights

Types of Safety Line Water Rescue Rope Underwater Communication Line
3/31/2017 Types of Safety Line Water Rescue Rope Underwater Communication Line 3/8 inch comm. Rope (5,000 lb Tensile Strength) 8 mm comm. rope (3,150 lb Tensile Strength) Discuss the safety line options available. 3/8 water rescue rope 3/8 communication line 8mm communications line Locking carabineers will attach to the chest harness and safety line with an in-line figure 8 Review Knots if necessary.

Securing Safety Line Securing Bar Ice screws Attach Through Ice
3/31/2017 Securing Safety Line Securing Bar Ice screws Securing the opposite end of the divers safety line can be done various ways. Ice screw (Preferred) Attached through ice Drill or cut two holes in the ice and pass the line between them. Tie the line together. Note: the line is doubled. Securing bar Safety line secured by attaching to a 2x4 and inserting into a hole cut into the ice Attach Through Ice

Safety Line Attachment
3/31/2017 Safety Line Attachment 1. In-Line Figure 8 Knot attaches to divers chest harness with locking carabineer. 2. Arm length out, a second In-Line Figure 8 Knot is tied into the line for a hand hold (loop must be directional towards diver). Both ends need to be secured prior to dive Take the time to teach correct rigging Hand or chest harness takes tension, not comm line connector.

Diver Safety Chest harnesses must be worn by each diver.
3/31/2017 Diver Safety Chest harnesses must be worn by each diver. Safety line/comm. line must be attached with locking carabineer to diver. Chest harness will be worn. Stress the importance of not using d-rings or plastic buckles etc on BCD (brittle or split metal on BCD rings) could break.

Line Signals Tender to Diver 1 Tug = Are You Okay?
3/31/2017 Line Signals Tender to Diver 1 Tug = Are You Okay? 2 Tugs = Stop, Change Direction, Take Out Line 3 Tugs = Come to the Surface 4 Tugs = Stop, Danger, Stay Down, Don’t Move For some students this may be new information and for some it may be review. The safety line should be marked in 1 foot increments to measure exact distance from tender to the diver. They may use a Prusik loop or ascender to keep hand dryer. If the line is not marked the tender needs to tie knots to gauge distances, communications line will be more difficult. Review line signals

Line Signals Diver to Tender 1 Tug = I Am Okay
3/31/2017 Line Signals Diver to Tender 1 Tug = I Am Okay 2 Tugs = I See Object….Need More Line 3 Tugs = I Have Found Object 4 Tugs = HELP NOW !!!!

One Diver Down With a Backup Diver vs.. Two Divers Down
3/31/2017 One Diver Down With a Backup Diver vs.. Two Divers Down Primary Diver Covers More Ground Better Air Consumption Easier to Manage Safety Diver Stronger Skilled Diver/Best Problem Solver Fully Suited Ready to Go Conduct an active class discussion on this topic. Discuss skills vs. safety and skills vs. conditions and equipment vs. conditions as many combinations that students come up with.

Sweep and Circular Patterns
3/31/2017 Sweep and Circular Patterns Sweep and Circular patterns The tender needs to be on the opposite side of the diver and the tender must be conscious of the safety line anchor point so the pattern can be consistent. The tender must strive to keep a straight and taught line to the diver. Remember the ten attributes of a good search pattern. There must be movement of the tender around the edge of the hole to keep the integrity of the pattern and the tender needs to be conscious of the safety line anchor point so the tender does not get fouled up in the line.

Search Swivel ICE ICE Swivel Discuss pros and cons with class.
3/31/2017 Search ICE ICE Discuss pros and cons with class. Swivel Swivel

Under the Ice Descend to Working Depth Begin Search Pattern
3/31/2017 Under the Ice Descend to Working Depth Begin Search Pattern Keep Light Tension on the Safety Line Keep Hand Contact with the Safety Line Answer All Signals Divers communicate with tenders about search patterns. Limit to 50’ lateral feet from hole! Tenders and divers need to know that a divers right or dominate leg can help or hinder a search pattern. Divers need to compensate for dominate leg tendencies. Divers: Watch your search line. Know where it is in reference to your body. When you change directions swim against your search line and then begin pattern. Tenders: Watch divers pattern. It’s different than operating from shore in open water. The search line will get snagged on the ice shelf. Keep moving line to break/keep it free. If diver has no communications, live signals must be maintained. Diver is no answering line signals, pull diver back in to hole or deploy back up diver.

Under the Ice Buoyancy Control Monitor Air & Time
3/31/2017 Under the Ice Buoyancy Control Monitor Air & Time Know Your Limitations Know When to Terminate the Dive Self-Discipline is the Key to SAFETY Common Sense No Penetrations Search Vehicles to arms length only, use caution, many entanglement hazards: seat belts parking brake lever arm rests rear view mirrors shift lever cargo steering wheel Outside vehicles: mirrors door handles wheels chassis antenna’s wiper arms Break windows; knife or window punch Caution: Broken glass can cut suits

Lateral Distance Formula
S =  D2 + L2 S = Length of Line D = Depth L = Lateral Distance 3/31/2017 Lateral Distance Formula S D L D=Depth D2L=Lateral Distance L2D2 + L2S=Length of line D2=10x10=100L2 = 50x50 = 2,500100+2,500 2,600 = 51 D2=20x20=400L2 = 50x50 = 2,500400+2,500 2,900 = 54 D2=30x30=900L2 = 50x50 = 2,500900+2,5003,400 = 58.3 D2=40x40=1600L2 = 50x50 = 2,5001600+2,5004,100 = 64. D2=50x50=2500L2 = 50x50 = 2,5002500+2,5005,000 = 71

Limit Ice Diving Penetration to 50 Lateral Feet!!
3/31/2017 Ice Diving Limit Ice Diving Penetration to 50 Lateral Feet!! Limit your ice diving operations to fifty lateral feet. This distance is safer and more easily controlled. If you are not this close to your target, move your entry hole.

Know Your Emergency Procedures
3/31/2017 Under Ice Emergency Know Your Emergency Procedures Picture of lost diver wrapping into rope.

3/31/2017 Lost Diver Stop, look, wait for one minute and begin safe ascent to surface. Look for light from hole or spokes. Look up for underside of ice. Be vertical and keep one hand on underside of ice, wait for safety diver or safety divers line. Be alert for sight or feel of line. A lost diver should go to the ice and get vertical. This is so a search rope will not miss you. Hand up to protect head from underside of ice. Don’t dump weight belt. This will cause you to make an uncontrolled ascent to surface and hit ice shelf. 3 things have to happen for you to come off line: #1) Free from Carabineer #2) Free from hand hold #3) Disconnected from comm line plug in.

3/31/2017 Lost Diver Stay calm, Relax, Control your breathing, Monitor your SPG. Prepare yourself to remove your full face mask and go to your pony, if available. When your SPG reads 500 PSI in your main tank, Inflate your B/C and Release, Strip and Ditch your weight belt. Stay calm because reacting poorly to the situation will not ensure success. It may ensure failure but not success. Discuss AGA air consumption. Trust your tender and shore support. Safety diver will be on the way, stay focused and don’t panic. Look or feel for back up divers and/or his line.

Lost Diver When safety line is located signal 3 pulls in both directions. Hold onto line, the tender will pull you in. DO NOT attempt to chop hole in ice with your dive knife. This only consumes O2.

Lost Diver - Tenders Mark line when you no longer feel diver. This sets an approximate distance out. Notify Incident Commander (IC) and Backup diver. Place marker at the location tender is standing and at location on opposite side of hole in the direction the lost diver was traveling.

3/31/2017 Lost Diver - Tenders Deploy backup diver 30 degrees to the left & 30 feet past that of the lost divers last known position (30/30 rule). Backup diver swims in a circular search pattern close to the underside of the ice. When backup diver is deployed the 90% diver moves to the backup position. Explain 30/30 rule.

Lost Diver - Safety Diver
3/31/2017 Lost Diver - Safety Diver Backup diver holds rope in right hand. Backup diver ensures good tension . Backup diver swims away from the rope. Backup Diver begins right hand search upon rope becoming taught. Backup divers right arm should be at a 45° to compensate for weaknesses while swimming. Demonstrate visual swim position.

Lost Diver - Support Assist backup diver into water.
Assist returning divers as needed. Everyone should focus on the rescue. ALS Personnel should standby to receive the divers.

Lost Diver - 90% Diver’s Role

Don’t Become a Statistic!
3/31/2017 Don’t Become a Statistic! Stress safety and stay focused

3/31/2017 Risk / Benefit

Summary Psychological Effects of Diving Under the Ice
3/31/2017 Summary Psychological Effects of Diving Under the Ice Equipment Selection Personnel Safety Emergency Procedures Psychological effects of diving under the ice. Equipment selection Personnel Safety Emergency procedures.

Have Fun and Be SAFE!! Questions?

© Dive Rescue International, Inc. 2008

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© Dive Rescue International, Inc. 2008

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