1. The global consequences of our nutritional habits -
The consequences of the worldwide production of 65 billion farm animals per year on the environment and climate, global nutrition, animal welfare and human health – and possible alternatives! 1

2. Livestock / Consumption of animal products
Global consequences – the major 4:
Environment (incl. climate)
Human health
Animal rights and animal welfare
World nutrition / world hunger 2

3. Environment / Climate
Film: Mechanisms of the greenhouse effect – described in simple form:
Film: Veggie-Day as a first political measure:
Already existing in Gent (BE), Bremen (DE), Sao Paolo (BR), San Francisco (US), Washington DC (US), Kapstadt (ZA), Zagreb (HR) 3

4. World hunger / environment
Meat = lengthened food chain => requires 5-15 times more areas, plants, water etc. to feed humans
(Exception: Pure pasture management of ruminants, which on the other hand requires huge areas, causes much of the methane-issues, furthermore only small share of global production).
Animals kept in industrial type farms eat mostly cereal and soya-based rations. In fact around a third of the world’s cereal harvest and over 90% of soya is used for animal feed.[i] This land could be used to grow crops for human food. In addition, feeding cereals to animals is an inefficient way to feed people. The 2008 IAASTD Report says that it takes for example 4.5 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of egg or milk and 9 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of beef or lamb meat.9 [i] Steinfeld H et al. (2006).Chapter 2. Livestock in geographic transition. In Livestock’s Long Shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome
Each kilo of meat represents several kilos of grain, either corn or wheat, that could be consumed directly by humans. It takes 7 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of beef: the conversion is 4 to 1 for pork and 2 to 1 for chicken.
Brown University, World Hunger Program, 1992:
Theoretically, a knowledgeable farmer having excellent seeds, a favourable climate, sufficient water, fertilizers and pesticides can feed up to 30 persons throughout the year on one hectare with vegetables, fruits, cereals and vegetable fats. If the same area is used for the production of eggs, milk or meat, the number of persons fed varies from 5 to 10.
B. Parmentier Nourrir l’Humanité – les grands problèmes de l’agriculture mondiale au XXIe siècle, la decouverte Paris 2007 4

5. World hunger / environment
Input / Output: 1 out of 7 calories converted to meat, what happens with the rest?
Animals kept in industrial type farms eat mostly cereal and soya-based rations. In fact around a third of the world’s cereal harvest and over 90% of soya is used for animal feed.[i] This land could be used to grow crops for human food. In addition, feeding cereals to animals is an inefficient way to feed people. The 2008 IAASTD Report says that it takes for example 4.5 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of egg or milk and 9 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of beef or lamb meat.9 [i] Steinfeld H et al. (2006).Chapter 2. Livestock in geographic transition. In Livestock’s Long Shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome
Each kilo of meat represents several kilos of grain, either corn or wheat, that could be consumed directly by humans. It takes 7 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of beef: the conversion is 4 to 1 for pork and 2 to 1 for chicken.
Brown University, World Hunger Program, 1992:
Theoretically, a knowledgeable farmer having excellent seeds, a favourable climate, sufficient water, fertilizers and pesticides can feed up to 30 persons throughout the year on one hectare with vegetables, fruits, cereals and vegetable fats. If the same area is used for the production of eggs, milk or meat, the number of persons fed varies from 5 to 10.
B. Parmentier Nourrir l’Humanité – les grands problèmes de l’agriculture mondiale au XXIe siècle, la decouverte Paris 2007
Metabolic losses inevitable (compare humans), Bread example, livestock first of all an efficient production of excrements, meat as „side product“, by far biggest waste of food globally, 1/3 of world harvest (cereals+soya) converted to excrements! 5

6. Environment: Climate, water, erosion, land consumption, ...
« The livestock sector emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. The findings of this report suggest that it should be a major policy focus when dealing with problems of land degradation, climate change and air pollution, water shortage and water pollution and loss of biodiversity.
Livestock’s contribution to environmental problems is on a massive scale and its potential contribution to their solution is equally large. The impact is so significant that it needs to be addressed with urgency. Major redutions in impact could be achieved at reasonable cost »
Livestock’s Long Shadow, FAO 2006
Land consumption, water consumption, water pollution, rainforest destruction
Climate, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, air pollution

7. Environment: Climate change (1)
According to the FAO, the livestock-sector is responsible for 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions – more than total worldwide traffic
(aeroplanes, cars, trucks, trains, ...):
Methane (CH4): digestion of ruminants, …
Nitrous Oxide (N2O): fertilizer, manure, …
Carbon dioxide (CO2): fire clearing of rainforests etc.
< 7

8. Environment: Climate change (2)
Interdisciplinary Study NL: Worldwide Reduction (definition see paper) of consumption of animal products saves
US$ (=50%)
of climate stabilisation costs (Aim: GHG concentration levels 2050 same as today) - enough to build 130 million one-family houses at the cost of US$ each - new houses for whole Europe!
Reasons:
1. Saving of the CO2, N2O and CH4-emissions from livestock,
2. Vastly reduced land consumption, partly regrowing forests, bushes => huge CO2-sink due to regrowing forests => climate protection “almost for free”!
Link:
< 8

9. Environment: Climate change (2)
Interdisciplinary Study NL: Worldwide Reduction (definition see paper) of consumption of animal products saves
US$ (=80%)
of climate stabilisation costs (Aim: GHG concentration levels 2050 same as today) - enough to build > 200 million one-family houses at the cost of US$ each - new houses for whole Europe, Russia, Australia, Canada!
Reasons:
1. Saving of the CO2, N2O and CH4-emissions from livestock,
2. Vastly reduced land consumption, partly regrowing forests, bushes => huge CO2-sink due to regrowing forests => climate protection “almost for free”!
Link:
< 9

11. Environment: Rainforest destruction
Fire clearance of rainforests
Pastures for cattle
Feed monocultures (85% of global soy harvest as animal feed)
 CO2-emissions due to fire clearances
 or later: agricultural areas prevent that woods can function as CO2-sink (CO2-“sponge”)

12. Environment: Excrements
Manure – water pollution worldwide
Enormous amounts, more than humans produce - no wonder as farm animal population > 25 billion (> 3 times number of humans) and “production” of 65 billion farm animals per year.

13. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
Warum kommen Studien zur Auswirkung von Tierhaltung / Fleischkonsum aufs Weltklima auf so dramatisch unterschiedliche Ergebnisse?
Worldwatch 51%,
FAO 18%,
einige behaupten < 5%, z.B. für die USA die U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008) (U.S. EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. ) 13

14. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
1. Die Methoden (LCA, ökolog. Fußabdruck, ...)
LCA “blind” für Flächenverbrauch, misst nur THG-Emissionen
Footprint misst alles in Flächen (gha): Flächen die wir direkt brauchen, und auch Flächen (Wald), die nötig wären/sind, um z.B. unsere THG-Emissionen wieder zu binden und aus der Atmosphäre zu bringen. Tierhaltung hier also durch zwei Faktoren: THG-Emissionen und direkte Flächen (Tierhaltung 80% der landwirtsch. Flächen weltweit)
“missed carbon sink” durch Flächenverbrauch im Footprint de facto drinnen, in LCAs (noch?) gar nicht 14

15. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
Interdisziplinäre Studie NL: Weltweiter Verzicht auf Tierhaltung spart
US$ (=80%)
an Klimastabilisierungskosten (Ziel: Treibhausgaskonzentration 2050 in etwa so wie heute). Das entspricht > 200 Millionen Einfamilienhäusern zu je US$!! Neue Häuser für ganz Europa, Russland, Australien, Kanada!
Gründe:
1. Wegfall der CO2, N2O und CH4-Emissionen aus Tierhaltung,
2. weitaus geringerer Flächenbedarf, z.T. Wiederbewaldung => riesige CO2-Senke durch nachwachsende Wälder => Klimaschutz fast zum Nulltarif!
Link:
< 15

16. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
2. Überzählige oder fehlende Faktoren in der Bilanz
Z.B. Worldwatch rechnet Atmung der Tiere mit (CO2 entsteht), aber nicht CO2-Aufnahme durch die Futtermittel-Pflanzen: Beides bildet aber einen kurzlebigen Kreislauf, ein Nullsummenspiel, entweder ich zähl beides, oder lass es (als Nullsumme) gleich weg aus der Bilanz. Nur eines in die Bilanz aufzunehmen ist falsch.
Österreichs Landwirtschaft lässt gern die importierten Futtermittel aus der Bilanz raus. 16

17. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
3. Landänderungen (v.a. Regenwaldbrandrodung/-abholzung) – tendenziöse Zuordnung zu Ursachen
Ziel: Fleisch kein Klimakiller: „Ursache Landspekulationen o.ä., spätere Nutzung für Futtermittel oder Rinderweiden hat mit Emissionen aus Zerstörung nichts mehr zu tun“
Ziel: Fleisch ist Klimakiller: „Ursache natürlich Futtermittel und Weideland, auch Landspekulation wäre ohne spätere Nutzung für diese Zwecke nicht möglich“.
Spielen kann man auch mit weiteren Schräubchen wie dem Zeitraum, über den man diese Emissionen den Produkten anlastet. 17

18. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
4. GWP-Zeithorizonte
Global Warming Potential
20 Jahre Jahre
Methan = 72 CO2-Eq.
Methan = 25 CO2-Eq.
< 18

19. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
5. “Tierhaltungssysteme der Zukunft effizienter!“ ??
Oft wird argumentiert, je produktiver/hochgezüchteter ein Tier, umso weniger THG-Emissionen pro Kilogramm Fleisch/Milch/Eier.
Achtung, viele andere Faktoren: Welternährung („effiziente Nutztiere“ sind Nahrungskonkurrenten, keine Weidetiere), Verknappung der Ackerflächen, Biodiversität, Bodenerosion, Wasserverschmutzung, Tierschutz ...  kein gangbarer Weg 19

20. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
Hauptschraube (deckt ab): Politische Absicht!
Wie groß ist der Klimaeffekt der Tierhaltung weltweit wirklich?
Diskussion anhand der FAO- und Worldwatch-Zahlen und der 5 Punkte und grobe Einschätzung.
1. FAO lässt methodisch „missed carbon sink“ aus: sehr relevant.
2. Bilanzfaktoren bei FAO weitgehend korrekt, Worldwatch-Fehler
3. Zuordnung Landänderung: FAO bemüht um Objektivität
4. Evtl. GWP 50 Jahre, FAO dann moderat zu niedrig (Methan)
5. Theoret. FAO zu hoch, aber industrielle Tierhaltung Sackgasse 20

21. # Tierhaltung: 51%, 18%, <5% - was stimmt ??
In vielen Bereichen Spielräume, kein richtig und falsch
Aber ich schätze es auf:
 20 – 30 % des globalen Klimaeffekts 21

22. Planet Earth 2013

23. World hunger Of 7 billion humans
suffer from hunger, among these are children.
people die from malnutrition each day.
FAO-Report “Crop Prospects and Food Situation” 2008:
754 million tons of cereals are fed to farm animals each year (with a yield of 1:7 for calorie-conversion this is a loss of calculated 650 million tons of cereals for human nutrition) – soy, etc. not yet included
Compare: Due to biofuel production (2nd biggest problem for loss of calories at croplands) we lose “only” 100 million tons of cereals for human nutrition

24. World hunger FAO-Report “Crop Prospects and Food Situation” 2008:
754 million tons of cereals are fed to farm animals each year (with a yield of 1:7 for calorie-conversion this is a loss of calculated 650 million tons of cereals for human nutrition). Soy, etc. not yet included.
Compare: Due to biofuel production (2nd biggest problem for loss of calories at croplands) we lose “only” 100 million tons of cereals for human nutrition. 24

25. World hunger / environment
The biomass of all farm animals exceeds the mass of all wild vertebrates on land by a factor of 20!! Source: V. Smil The Earth‘s Biosphere
25 billion alive at a moment
65 billion slaughtered per year
Voor elke mens op aarde lopen er nog eens 3 landbouwdieren (totaal 18 miljoen) rond, die ook vervuilen, mest produceren…

26. World hunger / environment
Food waste during the production of animal based food
Animal derived foods: Food chain with 3 (plant  animal  human) instead of 2 elements (plant  human) => inefficient
> 10 plant calories for 1 calorie of beef
> 5 plant calories für 1 calorie of pork
> 3 plant calories für 1 calorie of poultry
Animals kept in industrial type farms eat mostly cereal and soya-based rations. In fact around a third of the world’s cereal harvest and over 90% of soya is used for animal feed.[i] This land could be used to grow crops for human food. In addition, feeding cereals to animals is an inefficient way to feed people. The 2008 IAASTD Report says that it takes for example 4.5 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of egg or milk and 9 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of beef or lamb meat.9 [i] Steinfeld H et al. (2006).Chapter 2. Livestock in geographic transition. In Livestock’s Long Shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome
Each kilo of meat represents several kilos of grain, either corn or wheat, that could be consumed directly by humans. It takes 7 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of beef: the conversion is 4 to 1 for pork and 2 to 1 for chicken.
Brown University, World Hunger Program, 1992:
Theoretically, a knowledgeable farmer having excellent seeds, a favourable climate, sufficient water, fertilizers and pesticides can feed up to 30 persons throughout the year on one hectare with vegetables, fruits, cereals and vegetable fats. If the same area is used for the production of eggs, milk or meat, the number of persons fed varies from 5 to 10.
B. Parmentier Nourrir l’Humanité – les grands problèmes de l’agriculture mondiale au XXIe siècle, la decouverte Paris 2007 ! !
1/3 of world harvest (soy + cereals) converted to excrements (with an upward tendency) 26

27. World hunger / environment
Meat = lengthened food chain => requires 5-15 times more areas, plants, water etc. to feed humans
(Exception: Pure pasture management of ruminants, which on the other hand requires huge areas, causes much of the methane-issues, furthermore only small share of global production).
Animals kept in industrial type farms eat mostly cereal and soya-based rations. In fact around a third of the world’s cereal harvest and over 90% of soya is used for animal feed.[i] This land could be used to grow crops for human food. In addition, feeding cereals to animals is an inefficient way to feed people. The 2008 IAASTD Report says that it takes for example 4.5 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of egg or milk and 9 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of beef or lamb meat.9 [i] Steinfeld H et al. (2006).Chapter 2. Livestock in geographic transition. In Livestock’s Long Shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome
Each kilo of meat represents several kilos of grain, either corn or wheat, that could be consumed directly by humans. It takes 7 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of beef: the conversion is 4 to 1 for pork and 2 to 1 for chicken.
Brown University, World Hunger Program, 1992:
Theoretically, a knowledgeable farmer having excellent seeds, a favourable climate, sufficient water, fertilizers and pesticides can feed up to 30 persons throughout the year on one hectare with vegetables, fruits, cereals and vegetable fats. If the same area is used for the production of eggs, milk or meat, the number of persons fed varies from 5 to 10.
B. Parmentier Nourrir l’Humanité – les grands problèmes de l’agriculture mondiale au XXIe siècle, la decouverte Paris 2007 27

28. World hunger / environment
Short food chain plant  human could release enormous areas globally: Possibilities to use these:
Regrowing vegetation could absorb huge amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere (see slides earlier, interdisciplinary study NL): Massive contribution to climate stabilisation
Growing of maize for renewable plastic alternatives without causing a global food crisis
Photovoltaics for energy production, maybe even biofuels would make sense again
...
Animals kept in industrial type farms eat mostly cereal and soya-based rations. In fact around a third of the world’s cereal harvest and over 90% of soya is used for animal feed.[i] This land could be used to grow crops for human food. In addition, feeding cereals to animals is an inefficient way to feed people. The 2008 IAASTD Report says that it takes for example 4.5 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of egg or milk and 9 plant-derived calories to produce one calorie of beef or lamb meat.9 [i] Steinfeld H et al. (2006).Chapter 2. Livestock in geographic transition. In Livestock’s Long Shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome
Each kilo of meat represents several kilos of grain, either corn or wheat, that could be consumed directly by humans. It takes 7 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of beef: the conversion is 4 to 1 for pork and 2 to 1 for chicken.
Brown University, World Hunger Program, 1992:
Theoretically, a knowledgeable farmer having excellent seeds, a favourable climate, sufficient water, fertilizers and pesticides can feed up to 30 persons throughout the year on one hectare with vegetables, fruits, cereals and vegetable fats. If the same area is used for the production of eggs, milk or meat, the number of persons fed varies from 5 to 10.
B. Parmentier Nourrir l’Humanité – les grands problèmes de l’agriculture mondiale au XXIe siècle, la decouverte Paris 2007 28

29. World hunger / environment
Livestock and the cultivation of feed require:
= almost 80% of total global agricultural land (cropland plus pastures)
= 30% of total land surface of the earth
= 2/3 OF ALL areas used by humans globally
Livestock is responsible for 64% of ammonia emissions, which contributes significantly to acid rain.
Livestock accounts for over 8% of global human water use, mostly for the irrigation of feedcrops. It is probably the largest sectoral source of water pollution, contributing to eutrophication, dead zones in coastal areas, degradation of coral reefs, human health problems, emergence of antibiotic resistance and many others.
The livestock sector may well be the leading player in the reduction of biodiversity, since it is the major driver of deforestation, as well as one of the leading drivers of land degradation, pollution, climate change, overfishing, sedimentation of coastal areas and facilitation of invasions of alien species.Some 306 of the 825 terrestrial ecoregions identified by the WWF reported livestock as one of the current threats.
FAO Livestock’s long shadow
Producing one kilogram of beef:
-         leads to the emission of greenhouse gases with a warming potential equivalent to 36.4 kg of CO2,
-         releases fertilising compounds equivalent to 340 g. of sulphur dioxide and 59 g. of phosphate,
-         consumes 169 megajoules of energy.
In other words, a kilogram of beef is responsible for the equivalent of the amount of CO2 emitted by the average European car every 250 kilometres, and burns enough energy to light a 100-watt bulb for nearly 20 days.
Over two-thirds of the energy goes towards producing and transporting the animals' feed.
The industry causes more water pollution than all other sources combined[2]. In the US, the industry produces 5 tons of manure every year for every person[3]. The manure, combined with runoff of pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, and other chemicals, regularly overflows into streams and rivers. This water pollution causes miscarriages, exposure to carcinogens, and outbreaks of bacteriological diseases such as pfisteria, giardia, and cryptosporidium. Animal agriculture is the leading cause of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions, increasing acid rain and global warming, and killing aquatic life.
[1] B. Parmentier Nourrir l’Humanité – les grands problèmes de l’agriculture mondiale au XXIe siècle, la decouverte Paris 2007.
[2] EPA, 1999:
[3] US Senate Agriculture Committee, 1997:
Entre et litres d’eau sont nécessaires pour produire 1 kg de viande de boeuf contre seulement 800 litres pour 1 kg de blé. La production de viande utilise ainsi 60 % des réserves d’eau mondiale. Le bétail des pays riches mange autant de céréales que les indiens et les chinois réunis (2,5 milliards d’êtres humains. Près de 50 % de toutes les récoltes alimentaires dans le monde servent à nourrir le bétail et 64 % des terres cultivables servent à la production de viande (pâturages et fourrage).
Source: FAO, 2006; Goodland R. et al,1999

30. # Fazit… 7 Milliarden Menschen essen 65 Milliarden Tiere pro Jahr
über 65 Milliarden Nutztiere verbrauchen 40% der Getreide- und 85% der Sojaernte weltweit, konvertieren 1/3 der Welternte in Exkremente
dafür werden 80% der landwirtschaftlichen Flächen verwendet
diese Ernten und das Land könnten weit effizienter für direkte menschliche Ernährung verwendet werden
Menschen in den Industrieländern sind übergewichtig und sterben an Zivilisationskrankheiten als Folge dieser Überernährung 30

31. The future?

32. Environment Average water consumption / kg .… potatoes 500 litres
wheat litres
soybeans litres
beef litres
Please interpret these numbers with caution, more details (green, blue, grey water-footprint) beyond the scope of this presentation

33. Health: What means ...
vegetarian: No meat, no fish, but milk and dairy products and eggs.
vegan: no animal products at all, i.e. no meat, dairy, eggs, fish, ...
further forms like raw food, macrobiotics, frutarism, ...

34. Maybe at least meat is healthy ... ?
Vegan instead of ears!

35. Maybe at least meat is healthy ... ?

36. Health – take care of Of what should we especially take care of?
Especially for vegan/vegetarian diets:
Mix Proteins: Cereals (short of lysine or threonine but good source for methionine), nuts/oat flakes/cacao (much tryptophan) and legumes (rich in all but methionine)
Minerals: Calcium, iron, zinc
Vitamins: Take care of Vit. B12, possibly also D (especially in winter)
Omega-3-fatty acids: Linseed oil (do not heat!) as a good source. Alternative: EPA- und DHA-containing algae supplement (food supplement)
=> Interesting values for blood-tests especially for vegans/vegetarians: Vit. B12 + D + folic acid, calcium, iron+ferritin, zinc, homocysteine, HDL:LDL-quotient

37. Health – veggies celebrate!
And these are especially important advantages again especially for vegan diets:
De facto all worldwide pandemics of the last decades (bird flu, swine flu, EHEC, BSE, ...) and of the future (...,...,...) from intensive livestock farms: Billions of animals packed together, bad housing, bad immune system, ... => without livestock avoidable!
Antibiotic resistance from intensive livestock farms (“factory farming”) would be avoidable
Bacterial food poisoning (salmonellosis, E Coli, etc.) mostly a problem with animal products => avoidable
You get far less of these “evils”: Cholesterol, arachidonic acid, purines, saturated fatty acids, also free radicals/ox.stress, ...
You get more of these “good things”: Vitamin C+E, fibres (whole meal) and phytochemiclas (fruits!, vegetables!, antioxidative effects etc.)

38. Health – factory farming
Industrial livestock farms can harm humans, think of antibiotic resistance, but also this:
and swine flu ?
and .... ?

39. Health – “meat sicknesses” (1)
The (high) consumption of animal products is linked to the following sicknesses:
Cardiovascular diseases (Oxford Studies, 7th Day Adventists study, studies of the ADA, Uni Gießen, Bundesgesundheitsamt Berlin, u.v.m.)
Colon Cancer (American Cancer Society, Univ. Oxford, Univ. San Diego, Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg), breast cancer (Harvard Medical School), prostate cancer (PCRM, Washington DC), gastric cancers (EPIC) 39

40. Health – “meat sicknesses” (2)
Osteoporosis (!) (UC San Francisco, USDA-ARS)
Multiple sclerosis (CHRU Grenoble)
Gallstones
Type 2 diabetes
Obesity
Allergies
Rheumatoid Arthritis (UUH Oslo)
Links to the papers   For the world  Health 40

41. # Gesundheit: in Belgien
Ergebnisse der Nationalen
Ernährungsumfrage:
Zu wenig Gemüse
Zu wenig Obst
Zu wenig Ballaststoffe
Zu wenig Flüssigkeit
Zu viel Süßes / Alkohol
Zu viel Fleisch
Aktueller Entwurf Gesundheitsvorsorge-Plan
Mehr Gemüse!
Mehr Obst!
Mehr Ballaststoffe!
Mehr trinken!
Weniger Süßes / Alkohol
?? 41

42. 42

43. Health – Veggie also for Kids, ..?!
Vegetarian diets with milk (and eggs) are widely accepted: They reduce many – but do not avoid all – problems caused by animal products.
A deliberate vegan diet avoids all disadvantages of animal products and avoids the disadvantages of a non-deliberate vegan diet  optimum
For infants:
ADA (the world biggest dietetic association) and others recommend a vegan diet for all stages of the life cycle, others are more sceptical.
Vegan mothers have to be well nourished and should breast feed the child
For small and big children: Pay attention to slide
=> Health – take care of !
... and then make use of the benefits!

44. Animal welfare
Most mother sows in Europe, China or the US live like that
… and almost all fattening pigs like this 44

45. Animal welfare – “factory farming life”
Before birth: Animals bred with extreme characteristics detrimental to the health for highest egg-, milk- or meat-production.
Immediately after birth:
Male laying-hen chicken gassed or killed otherwise
Dairy calves separated from mothers shortly after birth
Mutilations shortly after birth
beak trimming,
dehorning,
clipping of teeth and tails
castration
 globally mainly performed without anaesthesia 45

46. Animal welfare – “factory farming life”
Tiny cages (laying hens, rabbits, quails, mother sows, …)
Tethered: Many dairy cows
Kept densely packed: Fattening pigs, broiler chickens, turkeys, rabbits, ducks, …
Often strong stench (smell)
Individual :
Force feeding (e.g. goose- or duck fatty liver) with 1/5 of the live weight of the ducks and geese per day.
Injured animals left to die from injuries or thirst in cages or outside boxes …
Broiler chicken “runts” die of thirst
Technical failures / fire lead to mass deaths, usually no evacuation possible 46

47. Animal welfare – “factory farming life”
And the end?
Transport to slaughterhouses, sometimes half way around the world, (e.g. sheep or cattle from Australia to Egypt)
Slaughterhouse:
Often stunning does not work, and billions are also butchered kosher/halal without intended stunning
Individuals (pigs, poultry) live until they reach the tanks where they are scalded
Some species are boiled alive (such as lobsters)
Undercover investigations also show abuse and sadism carried out on animals
Compare with golden rule of ethics: „One should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated“. 47

48. Animal welfare – “factory farming life”
Films / Documentaries
Documentaries minutes:
Meet your Meat (USA, but in many aspects similar conditions in Europe, too):
Intensive pig farming, focus on Austria (German):
Force feeding of ducks and geese (forbidden in many countries, but imported almost everywhere): 48

49. Animal welfare – “factory farming life”
Films / Documentaries
95 minutes documentary:
„Earthlings“:
Awarded comic (short) – The Meatrix: 49

50. Animal welfare – “impressions”50

51. Livestock / consumption of animal products
is the biggest ... on earth !!
land consumer
water consumer
water contaminator
contributor to rainforest destruction
food-waster
cause of billionfold suffering of animals
risk factor for food poisonings
risk factor for global pandemics
one of the biggest or the biggest ... on earth!!
factor in loss of biodiversity
cause for soil erosion
risk factor for lifestyle diseases
risk factor for antibiotic resistances
is one of the biggest ... on earth!!
climate killers
air polluter 51

52. „With each meal the earth is at stake“
If too much meat is a big part of the problems, we should modernise our nutrition as part of the solutions

54. www.futurefood.org - alternatives to animals products
The reasons
Environment (climate)
Health
Animal welfare
World nutrition / hunger 54

55. What could lead to a collapse of the „factory farming“ practices?
Human reason / ethics ????
Top-products as alternatives to animal products ??
Food shortages (climate?) / concurrency of non-food croplands (plastic alternatives made of maize, biofuels) ??
Antibiotic-resistances from intensive livestock facilities ???
Serious new pandemics from intensive livestock facilities ? 55

56. Success criteria?
Flavour: Taste, aroma, smell, texture, satiety feeling, ...
Price
Marketing, target groups, advertising
Health
Shelf life / hygiene / logistic advantages 56

57. www.futurefood.org Alternatives to animal products
“Vegetarian meat”: All raw materials to replace meat
“Non dairy milk products”: All raw materials to replace dairy milk, cheese, joghurt etc.
“Replace egg products”: All raw materials to replace egg products 57

58. 58

59. Vegetarian meat Wheat: Wheat gluten (seitan)
Soy: Soya meat (TVP), tofu, tempeh, sprouted soybeans
Sweet lupines
Fresh mushrooms
Fermented fungi, e.g. Quorn
Algae
Rice, peas 59

60. Some top brands veget. meat
Tofurky (Turtle Islands Foods):
Oregon, USA
Sausages, roasts and others, based on tofu and wheat gluten, but also tempeh.
Gardein (Garden Protein Int.):
British Columbia, Canada
"Chicken"-wings,-filets,-breasts und-stripes, skewers and more,
Based on soy protein and wheat gluten. 60

61. Some top brands veget. meat
Fry’s:
South Africa
Huge variety of vegetarian meat alternatives, based on soy protein and wheat protein.
and many others 61

62. Plant based alternatives to dairy products
Drinks (“milk”), yoghurts, cream, sour cream made from soy, oat, almond, rice, coco, quinoa, millet, spelt, barley, kamut. Often fortified with B2, B12, D2, calcium, A, B6, folic acid, E
Ice cream from soy, rice, etc.
“Cheese” from soy protein, pea protein, tofu, potato starch, rice starch, soy oil, other plant based fats and oils, nut butter, thickening agents, yeast, but also: tapioca- u. arrowroot flour, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, coconut oil, etc.
Desserts, confectionaries, margarine ... 62

63. Some top brands for dairy alternatives
Alpro / Provamel
Belgium, but also Germany, UK
European market leader, huge variety, mostly based on soy, to a
lesser extent on rice, almond or oat,
Provamel is the brand for the organic product range
Turtle Mountain
Oregon, USA
„So Delicious” and “Purely Decadent”, ice cream, frozen desserts,
based on soy 63

64. Some top brands for dairy alternatives
Valsoia
Italiy
Drinks, Desserts, ice cream, confectionary based on soy, partly
also rice, also vegetarian meat products (burgers, sausages cutlets, …)
Daiya
Canada
Cheese alternatives, also cooperation with other veggie-food-
producers (e.g. as pizza cheese), unique composition: tapioca-
and arrowroot flour, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, coconut oil, pea protein 64

65. Plant based alternatives to egg products
Alternatives to egg products for the industry: About 10 companies in the US, NL, UK and others. Made of gelling and thickening agents (alginate, carrageen, guar flour, locust bean gum, xanthan gum), soy lecithin, potato protein, potato starch, full soy beans, wheat gluten, corn syrup, sometimes also dairy(!) or egg(!!) ingredients  see 65

66. Plant based alternatives to egg products
At home: “Egg replacers” by Ener-G, Orgran or others (potato-, tapioca starch, CMC, citric acid, calcium carbonate) Or simply use soy flour, baking powder, mineral water, locust bean gum, agar-agar, soaked linseeds, etc.
“Vegan fried egg”, “vegan yolk” by “The Vegg”: Yeast flakes, alginates, sulphur salt, β-carotene 66

67. Futuristic approaches
Biofermenter: Peter Arras / AKT, Germany, take ruminants as model/guide  food out of straw, harvest waste, etc. (all this would suddenly also be basis for human nutrition)
In Vitro Meat: ”Real” meat without animals, produced out of cells in labs. Technological basic facts: Initial cells, culture medium incl. growth factors, bioreactors, etc. see chapt.12 67

68. Futuristic approaches – in vitro meat
Some protagonists:
Henk Haagsman and Bernard Roelen (NL): Work continuously, search for basic understanding
Mark Post (NL): Supported by Sergey Brin, presented the first in-vitro-meat burger of the world for € in August 2013.
Julie Gold (Sweden), US-NGO new-harvest.org and (in earlier times more active) Stig Omholt (Norway, with 1. in-vitro-meat symposium): Networking
Gabor a. Andras Forgacs (USA): “Modern Meadow”, 3D-printer, Thiel-Foundation
Vladimir Mironov and Nick Genovese (USA): PeTA, 3-D-printer, networking, mastermind
Oron Catts & Ionat Zurr (AUS): Artists from Australia
Willem van Eelen (NL): Pioneer, cultured meat patent 68

69. Tips: Handouts: e.g. Tofushopping, Link auf die Präsentation, ##
This Präsentation:
Tips for canteen kitchens:
Canteen kitchen project:
Regional veggie-gastronomy: ## z.b. Graz Ginko, Mangolds, Rest. Arche ## 69

70. We just have this 1 world …

71. Dr. Kurt Schmidinger Graduate in Geophysics & Doctor in Food Science
Project Leader
Tel. +43 / 676 / 71