1. Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms
Chapter 5

2. Objectives Define disease and list seven categories of disease
List 7 predisposing causes of disease
Define terminology used in describing and treating disease
Define complementary and alternative medicine and give examples
Explain methods by which microorganisms can be transmitted
List 4 types of organisms studied in microbiology and give characteristics
List some diseases caused by each type
Define normal flora and explain the value
Describe the 3 types of bacteria by shape
List several diseases in humans caused by worms
Give some reasons for the emergence and spread of microorganisms
Describe several public health measures
Differentiate between sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis
Describe techniques included as part of body substance precautions
List some antimicrobial agents and how they work
Describe several methods used to identify microorganisms in the lab

3. What is disease? CATEGORIES - Infection - Degenerative - Nutritional
- It is an illness, an abnormal state in which part or all of the body does not function properly
CATEGORIES
- Infection
- Degenerative
- Nutritional
- Metabolic
- Immune
- Neoplasms
- Psychiatric

4. Predisposing Causes of Disease
Age
Gender
Heredity
Living conditions and habits
Emotional disturbance
Physical and Chemical damage
Preexisting Illness
REMEMBER : A predisposing cause may not actually cause the disease, but
increases the probability of a person becoming ill.

5. The Study of Disease

6. Definitions Pathophysiology Etiology Acute Chronic Subacute Idiopathic
Iatrogenic
Epidemiology
Incidence
Prevalence
Mortality
Epidemic
Endemic
Pandemic

7. Treatment and Prevention of Disease
Diagnosis – determination of the nature of the illness
Need to know symptom, sign, syndrome, prognosis, therapy and prevention
CAM is defined as methods of disease prevention and treatment used along with traditional medicine (Examples include: chiropractic, acupuncture, biofeedback)

8. Infectious Disease
Microorganisms are the predominant cause of disease in the human body.
Parasite – organism that lives
on or within a host at host’s
expense

9. Pathogens Pathogens are disease causing organism
and infection is an invasion of pathogens that have adverse effects
(An infection can be local or systemic.)
Opportunistic infection
Communicable infection

10. Modes of Transmission Disease can be spread directly or indirectly.
Portals of entry : skin, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

12. Microbiology The study of microorganisms
*** Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa

13. Bacteria Can grow with or without oxygen
Single-cell organism whose genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane. (No true nucleus)
Can grow with or without oxygen
Resistant forms are called endospores
Flagella
Pili

14. Bacteria cont. Shape and Arrangement : Cocci, Bacilli, Curved rods
Others : Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Diseases caused by bacteria : Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Typhus

15. Viruses Not susceptible to antibiotics.
Obligate parasite that can only reproduce in living cells. Contain genetic material.
Not susceptible to antibiotics.
Classified according to the type of nucleic acid they contain (DNA or RNA) and the type of disease they cause.
Named according to where they were isolated, the symptoms they cause, the host, or the vector that carries them.

16. Viruses cont. Prions and Viroids Much smaller than bacteria
Diseases caused by viruses : Measles, Influenza, Chickenpox, Common Cold

17. Fungi 2 types : Yeasts and Molds Yeast – single cell
Simple plant-like organism.
2 types : Yeasts and Molds
Yeast – single cell
Mold – filamentous
Diseases caused by fungi : Ringworm, Thrush, Pneumonia

18. Protozoa Amebas Ciliates Flagellates Sporozoa
Single-cell, animal-like microbes
Amebas
Ciliates
Flagellates
Sporozoa
What you will see: Giardia (Flagellate)

19. Parasitic Worms Roundworms (ascaris,pinworms, hookworms)
They are parasites with human hosts
Roundworms (ascaris,pinworms, hookworms)
Flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)
Infection by worms is called
infestation.

20. Aseptic Methods : sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
Microbial Control
Infectious disease increasing due to various factors.
Increased population & travel, disruption of animal habitats, changes in food handling
Microbes and Public Health : sewage and garbage, water purification, prevention of food contamination, milk pasteurization
Aseptic Methods : sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis

21. Infection Control HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING…….
Universal techniques, sharps safety, specific “precautions”
OSHA
Antimicrobial Agents : antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic

22. ANTIBIOTICS/MRSA
Antibiotic is used to kill bacteria. Derived from fungi and soil bacteria.
Usage can be harmful
Antibiotic-resistance

23. Lab Identification of Pathogens
Blood, Spinal Fluid, Feces, Urine, and Sputum most frequently studied.
Bacterial Isolations and Tests
Staining Techniques
Other techniques

24. Freebie… What will you see clinically : - Know antibiotics - MRSA
- Infection Control