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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
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Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 26 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Section 3 Fungi and Humans

4. Chapter 26 Objectives List the characteristics of fungi.
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Objectives
List the characteristics of fungi.
Describe how fungi obtain nutrients.
Distinguish between hyphae and a mycelium.
Compare the ways fungi reproduce.
Describe one hypothesis about the origin of fungi.

5. Chapter 26 Characteristics
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Characteristics
Fungi are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular in form.

6. Characteristics, continued
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Characteristics, continued
Obtaining Nutrients
Fungi are among the most important decomposers of organic matter.
Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes and absorbing simple organic molecules from their environment.

7. Characteristics, continued
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Characteristics, continued
Structure of Fungi
Fungi are made up of short filaments called hyphae.
Mats of hyphae are called mycelium.
Some species have partitions called septa in their hyphae, making individual cells.
Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls.

8. Characteristics of Fungi
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Characteristics of Fungi

9. Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Hyphae in Fungi

10. Body Structure of Fungi
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Body Structure of Fungi

11. Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Reproduction
Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.

12. Reproduction, continued
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Reproduction, continued
Asexual Reproduction
Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells of the hyphae.
When these spores are placed in favorable environmental conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae, each of which can form a mycelium and produce thousands of new asexual spores.

13. Reproduction, continued
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Reproduction, continued
Sexual Reproduction
Fungi occur in mating types that are sometimes called minus and plus.
When two different mating types of the same species encounter one another, the hyphae of one mating type fuse with the hyphae of the opposite mating type.
These fused hyphae give rise to a specialized structure, which produces and scatters genetically diverse spores.

14. Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Sexual Reproduction

15. Chapter 26 Evolution Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago.
Section 1 Overview of Fungi
Chapter 26
Evolution
Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago.
Fungi probably evolved from endosymbiotic prokaryotes and then adapted to various terrestrial environments.

16. Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Objectives
List characteristics that distinguish three phyla of fungi.
Compare the life cycles of zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and ascomycetes.
Distinguish between mycorrhizae and lichens.
Explain the importance of mycorrhizae and lichens to the environment.

17. Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Types of Fungi

18. Chapter 26 Phylum Zygomycota
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Phylum Zygomycota
The phylum Zygomycota is coenocytic (their hyphae lack septa).
Asexual sporangiospores form within sacs called sporangia.
Sexual reproduction results in zygospores.

19. Life Cycle of Zygomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Life Cycle of Zygomycetes

20. Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes

21. Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes

22. Chapter 26 Phylum Basidiomycota
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Phylum Basidiomycota
The phylum Basidiomycota includes mushrooms.
Mushrooms are spore-bearing, aboveground sexual reproductive structures called basidiocarps.
Basidiocarps produce small, clublike reproductive structures called basidia, on which basidiospores form.

23. Structure of a Mushroom
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Structure of a Mushroom

24. Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Parts of a Mushroom

25. Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes

26. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes

27. Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Phylum Ascomycota
Most fungi are in the phylum Ascomycota, or sac fungi.
Hyphae form a cup-shaped ascocarp, in which ascospores form.
Yeast are unicellular Ascomycota and they reproduce asexually by budding.
Yeast are used in brewing, baking, and genetic engineering.

28. Life Cycle of Ascomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

29. Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Penicilliium Mold

30. Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes

31. Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes

32. Phylum Ascomycota, continued
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Phylum Ascomycota, continued
Deuteromycota
Fungi that do not have a sexual stage are classified in a group called fungi imperfecti, or deuteromycota.

33. Mycorrhizae and Lichens
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Mycorrhizae and Lichens
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures that form between plant roots and a fungus.
The fungus provides certain ions and other nutrients to the plant and, in turn, the fungus gets sugars from the plant.

34. Mycorrhizae and Lichens, continued
Section 2 Classification of Fungi
Chapter 26
Mycorrhizae and Lichens, continued
Lichens represent symbiotic relationships between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria or green algae.

35. Section 3 Fungi and Humans
Chapter 26
Objectives
Describe three ways that fungi cause disease in humans.
List three ways that fungi contribute to good health.
Provide examples of fungi’s industrial importance.
List three types of food that fungi provide.

36. Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases
Section 3 Fungi and Humans
Chapter 26
Human Fungal Diseases
Fungi can cause disease in humans when humans inhale airborne spores, when they eat food contaminated by toxic fungi, when toxic fungi come in contact with skin, or when they accidentally eat poisonous mushrooms.

37. Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Common Fungal Infections
Section 3 Fungi and Humans
Chapter 26
Human Fungal Diseases
Common Fungal Infections
Examples of common fungal infections include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infection.

38. Human Fungal Diseases, continued
Section 3 Fungi and Humans
Chapter 26
Human Fungal Diseases, continued
Other Fungal Illnesses
Pathogenic fungi that cause serious disease include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis.
H. capsulatum is associated with bird feces.

39. Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry
Section 3 Fungi and Humans
Chapter 26
Fungi in Industry
Various fungi are used in the production of vitamin B2, cortisone, penicillin and other antibiotics, and some genetically engineered drugs.

40. Fungi in Industry, continued
Section 3 Fungi and Humans
Chapter 26
Fungi in Industry, continued
Fungi and Food Industries
Fungi are used in the production of familiar foods such as cheeses, bread, beer, wines, and soy products.

41. Chapter 26 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. What are fungi that feed on decaying organic matter called?
A. parasites
B. mutualists
C. symbionts
D. saprophytes

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. What are fungi that feed on decaying organic matter called?
A. parasites
B. mutualists
C. symbionts
D. saprophytes

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and which other type of organism?
F. an alga
G. a plant
H. a mold
J. a rhizoid

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and which other type of organism?
F. an alga
G. a plant
H. a mold
J. a rhizoid

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. In a mycorrhiza, a fungus lives in a symbiotic relationship with which of the following?
A. a virus
B. a plant
C. a bacterium
D. a slime mold

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. In a mycorrhiza, a fungus lives in a symbiotic relationship with which of the following?
A. a virus
B. a plant
C. a bacterium
D. a slime mold

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below shows the fruiting bodies of a type of fungus. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the structure labeled X called?
F. a hypha
G. a zygote
H. a sporangium
J. a sporangiospore

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the structure labeled X called?
F. a hypha
G. a zygote
H. a sporangium
J. a sporangiospore

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. To what phylum does the fungus in the diagram above belong?
A. Ascomycota
B. Zygomycota
C. Basidiomycota
D. fungi imperfecti

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. To what phylum does the fungus in the diagram above belong?
A. Ascomycota
B. Zygomycota
C. Basidiomycota
D. fungi imperfecti

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. septa : septum :: asci :
F. ascus
G. ascocarp
H. ascospore
J. ascogonium

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. septa : septum :: asci :
F. ascus
G. ascocarp
H. ascospore
J. ascogonium

54. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below shows the typical structure of a member of the phylum Basidiomycota. Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows.

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Which structure is responsible for meeting the food requirements of the organism shown?
A. F
B. G
C. H
D. J

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Which structure is responsible for meeting the food requirements of the organism shown?
A. F
B. G
C. H
D. J

57. Chapter 26 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Fungi are important decomposers that break down organic matter.
Explain how fungi contribute to nutrient recycling in the environment.

58. Short Response, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Fungi are important decomposers that break down organic matter.
Explain how fungi contribute to nutrient recycling in the environment.
Answer: Fungi break down organic compounds in decaying material, making the chemicals available for other organisms.

59. Chapter 26 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
Fungi are major competitors with humans for food.
Part A Explain what needs humans and fungi have in common.
Part B Explain why fungi could easily win the battle for nutrients.

60. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 26
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Fungi and humans both need water and other nutrients from the environment. They both depend on autotrophs for food.
Part B Fungi are able to reproduce more rapidly than humans.